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Owners with a mortgage: mean income after housing costs by state

Massachusetts has the highest estimate ($157,270); Mississippi has the lowest ($95,338). Source: U.S. Census Bureau; calculations by Rank the States, ACS 1-year PUMS, 2024.

Data year: 2024Source released Dec. 4, 2025Last updated Oct. 23, 2026ACS PUMS 2024: mortgaged-owners

50 ranked states; DC and Puerto Rico appear as reference rows where the source supplies them. Highest does not mean best. Ranks reflect point estimates; close values may not differ statistically.

Experimental independent estimate. This ranking uses household means, which are sensitive to high incomes. Method, distribution measures and review status.

Lowest state estimate $95,338 Mississippi
Highest state estimate $157,270 Massachusetts
Massachusetts: $157,270 Connecticut: $154,437 New Jersey: $152,027 California: $150,590 Washington: $147,910 New York: $143,808 Maryland: $142,755 Virginia: $137,472 Hawaii: $137,183 Colorado: $135,877 New Hampshire: $133,079 Alaska: $132,552 Texas: $127,423 North Dakota: $127,261 Utah: $126,966 Rhode Island: $125,211 Illinois: $125,158 Minnesota: $125,030 Pennsylvania: $120,967 Oregon: $118,804 Georgia: $118,559 Vermont: $116,354 Arizona: $115,772 North Carolina: $115,513 Kansas: $115,011 Nevada: $114,449 Delaware: $112,030 Maine: $111,203 Nebraska: $110,205 Tennessee: $109,803 Florida: $109,506 Michigan: $109,058 Ohio: $108,294 Idaho: $108,065 Wisconsin: $107,716 Missouri: $107,617 South Carolina: $105,335 South Dakota: $104,428 Montana: $103,689 Oklahoma: $103,173 Wyoming: $102,511 Kentucky: $102,218 Iowa: $102,197 Indiana: $102,016 Alabama: $101,501 New Mexico: $101,351 Louisiana: $99,237 Arkansas: $98,885 West Virginia: $98,719 Mississippi: $95,338
Each dot is a state. The scale runs from the lowest to highest estimate; intervals are not shown here. Read about uncertainty.

State distribution and comparisons

The middle of the 50-state distribution is $114,730: the average of the 25th and 26th ordered state estimates. This treats each state equally, so it answers a different question from a population-weighted national estimate.

One other state is statistically tied with Massachusetts at 90% confidence: Connecticut. This is not a confidence interval for rank, and testing multiple pairs increases false-positive risk.

See the top ten estimates with their 90% margins of error$92,115$159,720MassachusettsConnecticutNew JerseyCaliforniaWashingtonNew YorkMarylandVirginiaHawaiiColorado

Shared axis spans the complete 50-state estimate ± MOE range. Intervals describe individual estimates; overlapping intervals alone are not our significance test.

How does this compare with mortgage-free owners: mean income after housing costs?

These states’ ranks change the most between owners with a mortgage: mean income after housing costs and mortgage-free owners: mean income after housing costs. These comparisons identify different questions worth investigating; a rank gap does not measure a causal effect or a statistical difference between unlike units.

StateOwners with a mortgage: mean income after housing costsMortgage-free owners: mean income after housing costs
South Dakota$104,428 · #38$99,164 · #19
Nevada$114,449 · #26$109,267 · #14
Kansas$115,011 · #25$87,339 · #36

Inspect these states, definitions and pairwise differences.

Household means, medians, and percentiles

The ranking above uses a weighted mean, with replicate-weight uncertainty. The following distribution table shows why a mean can sit far above the middle household. Percentiles are separately calculated point estimates; their uncertainty is not estimated here. Annual resources are before taxes and non-housing expenses.

Inspect household distributions and sample sizes for all 50 states
State25th percentileMedian75th percentileBelow $0Sample households
Massachusetts$62,042$119,918$201,7254.9%12,459
Connecticut$56,864$111,472$188,2084.02%6,699
New Jersey$60,655$117,316$195,5774.76%15,689
California$51,206$109,806$195,7026.97%56,112
Washington$58,355$110,382$185,5394.5%14,122
New York$49,807$102,228$178,5506.0%28,279
Maryland$59,056$114,295$189,8854.5%12,537
Virginia$54,508$104,417$177,8324.0%16,435
Hawaii$56,501$110,105$184,0944.89%2,039
Colorado$54,509$105,511$173,4864.53%12,179
New Hampshire$61,355$109,735$170,5523.22%2,623
Alaska$56,573$101,437$167,5353.19%824
Texas$50,415$97,127$162,2264.37%39,866
North Dakota$55,122$96,627$154,0692.5%1,134
Utah$58,636$101,650$157,4033.23%5,989
Rhode Island$51,222$96,704$163,8685.11%1,808
Illinois$48,623$94,590$158,9384.31%22,200
Minnesota$54,811$100,264$159,3813.36%10,843
Pennsylvania$48,204$92,034$152,3733.8%21,807
Oregon$49,667$94,795$153,5344.75%7,645
Georgia$45,973$89,427$150,9334.99%19,081
Vermont$48,466$87,284$141,0563.46%1,310
Arizona$44,001$87,214$147,0334.96%12,505
North Carolina$44,864$86,276$146,1694.14%19,585
Kansas$49,627$88,800$145,9893.55%4,714
Nevada$43,739$85,942$147,4865.53%5,318
Delaware$49,962$90,210$143,6744.0%2,035
Maine$45,640$87,221$140,6844.61%2,513
Nebraska$51,042$89,869$141,2942.68%3,129
Tennessee$44,461$83,945$137,1773.56%11,977
Florida$38,828$80,405$139,2946.31%34,070
Michigan$44,945$83,947$136,1723.95%18,370
Ohio$46,130$86,515$138,6683.31%21,589
Idaho$49,396$87,781$136,2084.46%3,359
Wisconsin$49,128$88,316$136,6913.69%11,457
Missouri$46,006$84,109$135,7443.9%10,795
South Carolina$42,185$81,026$136,4844.3%9,684
South Dakota$51,904$84,469$130,1313.5%1,388
Montana$43,838$80,400$136,6324.08%1,680
Oklahoma$44,190$80,895$129,5463.53%5,109
Wyoming$44,150$80,430$130,2803.09%973
Kentucky$43,923$80,417$131,3333.52%7,481
Iowa$50,025$85,327$129,3582.08%5,750
Indiana$44,765$81,175$132,3492.9%13,115
Alabama$40,142$80,044$132,5484.69%8,297
New Mexico$39,205$78,845$135,0935.54%2,862
Louisiana$36,732$78,442$131,5185.33%6,678
Arkansas$40,700$77,882$126,6373.62%4,608
West Virginia$44,439$80,514$127,2013.53%2,599
Mississippi$38,078$74,960$124,8944.42%4,138

Read the microdata method and reproduce the calculation. No independent statistical review is claimed.

The state-by-state view

Download table

Ranked among 50 states; District of Columbia shown for reference. Rank 1 = highest value.

Owners with a mortgage: mean income after housing costs · 2024 · U.S. dollars
RankState / jurisdictionValue90% margin of errorDifference from previous rank
1Massachusetts$157,270± $2,450Highest estimate
2Connecticut$154,437± $3,743Not distinguishable at 90%
3New Jersey$152,027± $1,833Not distinguishable at 90%
4California$150,590± $1,350Not distinguishable at 90%
5Washington$147,910± $2,599Not distinguishable at 90%
6New York$143,808± $2,114Different at 90%
7Maryland$142,755± $2,225Not distinguishable at 90%
8Virginia$137,472± $1,944Different at 90%
9Hawaii$137,183± $5,516Not distinguishable at 90%
10Colorado$135,877± $2,865Not distinguishable at 90%
11New Hampshire$133,079± $4,208Not distinguishable at 90%
12Alaska$132,552± $11,610Not distinguishable at 90%
13Texas$127,423± $1,289Not distinguishable at 90%
14North Dakota$127,261± $9,787Not distinguishable at 90%
15Utah$126,966± $3,087Not distinguishable at 90%
16Rhode Island$125,211± $5,875Not distinguishable at 90%
17Illinois$125,158± $1,678Not distinguishable at 90%
18Minnesota$125,030± $2,234Not distinguishable at 90%
19Pennsylvania$120,967± $1,655Different at 90%
20Oregon$118,804± $2,136Not distinguishable at 90%
21Georgia$118,559± $1,691Not distinguishable at 90%
22Vermont$116,354± $8,031Not distinguishable at 90%
23Arizona$115,772± $2,248Not distinguishable at 90%
24North Carolina$115,513± $1,932Not distinguishable at 90%
25Kansas$115,011± $3,312Not distinguishable at 90%
26Nevada$114,449± $3,368Not distinguishable at 90%
27Delaware$112,030± $4,857Not distinguishable at 90%
28Maine$111,203± $5,222Not distinguishable at 90%
29Nebraska$110,205± $3,273Not distinguishable at 90%
30Tennessee$109,803± $1,724Not distinguishable at 90%
31Florida$109,506± $1,180Not distinguishable at 90%
32Michigan$109,058± $1,722Not distinguishable at 90%
33Ohio$108,294± $1,150Not distinguishable at 90%
34Idaho$108,065± $3,245Not distinguishable at 90%
35Wisconsin$107,716± $1,554Not distinguishable at 90%
36Missouri$107,617± $1,968Not distinguishable at 90%
37South Carolina$105,335± $1,878Not distinguishable at 90%
38South Dakota$104,428± $5,302Not distinguishable at 90%
39Montana$103,689± $5,027Not distinguishable at 90%
40Oklahoma$103,173± $3,201Not distinguishable at 90%
41Wyoming$102,511± $7,441Not distinguishable at 90%
42Kentucky$102,218± $1,904Not distinguishable at 90%
43Iowa$102,197± $2,123Not distinguishable at 90%
44Indiana$102,016± $1,606Not distinguishable at 90%
45Alabama$101,501± $1,859Not distinguishable at 90%
46New Mexico$101,351± $4,387Not distinguishable at 90%
47Louisiana$99,237± $2,792Not distinguishable at 90%
48Arkansas$98,885± $3,163Not distinguishable at 90%
49West Virginia$98,719± $3,866Not distinguishable at 90%
50Mississippi$95,338± $3,223Not distinguishable at 90%
Ref.District of ColumbiaNot ranked among states$213,704± $11,028Reference jurisdiction

50 states plus 1 reference row.

What this ranking measures

Weighted mean of annual household money income less annualized housing costs, calculated for owners with a mortgage in the 2024 ACS housing microdata. Income and housing amounts use their respective Census adjustment factors.

Before taxes and other living expenses. Not disposable income, savings, or a typical family budget. No-cash-rent homes, vacant homes, and group quarters are excluded; zero and negative income are retained. Means are sensitive to high incomes. Census allocation and top/bottom coding are retained. This is an experimental independent calculation, not an official Census table.

The size of the gap

The difference between the highest and lowest state estimates is $61,933. A national estimate is not calculated for this derived measure.

How much should you read into a rank?

Each estimate has a 90% margin of error that we calculated from the Census replicate weights. For two different states, we flag a difference only when its absolute size exceeds the square root of the sum of their squared margins of error. The comparison tool applies this check to every selected pair.

Non-significance is not proof of equality. These pairwise tests are not adjusted for multiple comparisons and do not form ranking confidence intervals. Statistical method and limitations.

Ranks use the full precision of the source file, so only truly equal values share a rank (1, 2, 2, 4).

Keep exploring

How income definitions change a ranking.

Explore the same states in a side-by-side comparison, or combine this measure with others in the custom ranking tool.

Source and method

Producer
U.S. Census Bureau; calculations by Rank the States
Product / file
ACS 1-year PUMS · ACS PUMS 2024: mortgaged-owners
Period
2024
Unit
U.S. dollars
Calculation
Weighted mean of adjusted household income minus twelve times adjusted monthly housing costs. 90% MOE = 1.645 sqrt((4/80) sum((replicate mean - full mean)^2)). Signed replicate weights are retained. Rank = 1 + number of eligible jurisdictions with a higher value.
Coverage
The 50 states are ranked. Washington, D.C., can be added with the toggle above the table; Puerto Rico is shown for reference only, where the source covers it.
Cadence
Annual. Follows reviewed ACS PUMS releases.
Independence
Rank the States is independent. The agencies that produce the source data do not endorse these rankings.

Download, cite, or embed

Download the default full table (CSV) or use the download above for the table’s current filter and order. Data dictionary and source metadata

Updates and corrections

Last updated Oct. 23, 2026. Earlier editions stay available on the data page, and every change is listed in the update log. If a number or definition looks wrong, report an error with the state, value, and source you checked.

Related rankings

State distributions: each mark is one state, from lowest to highest. Each row uses its own scale.

01

Mortgage-free owners: mean income after housing costs

2024 · Census PUMS

$130,864 Massachusetts · highest estimate 02

Monthly owner costs with a mortgage

2024 · Census ACS

$3,001 California · highest estimate 03

Cheapest states to buy a house (home values)

2024 · Census ACS

$875,900 Hawaii · highest estimate

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